{"id":465,"date":"2015-08-20T12:19:36","date_gmt":"2015-08-20T16:19:36","guid":{"rendered":"\/\/phytochemia.com\/?p=465"},"modified":"2015-08-20T12:19:36","modified_gmt":"2015-08-20T16:19:36","slug":"introducing-plants-from-the-boreal-forest-of-quebec-canada-card-5-clintonia-borealis-ait-raf","status":"publish","type":"articles-de-blogue","link":"https:\/\/phytochemia.com\/en\/articles-de-blogue\/introducing-plants-from-the-boreal-forest-of-quebec-canada-card-5-clintonia-borealis-ait-raf\/","title":{"rendered":"Introducing plants from the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada &#8211; Card # 5 : Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Laurie Caron, Chemist, M.Sc. &#8211; <em>Plant card<\/em><\/p>\n<p><u>Latin name:<\/u> Clintonia<em> borealis<\/em> (Ait) Raf.<br \/>\n<u>Common names<\/u><u>:<\/u> Yellow Clintonia, snake poison, bluebead-lily.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada, it&#8217;s possible to find this very common plant. Clintonia <em data-blogger-escaped-style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">borealis <\/em>is a perennial herb of the lily family. The plant has small blue fruits located on a long flower spike and between two and five basal leaves in general<sup>1<\/sup>.<a style=\"clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;\" href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-8X7vfGX89PE\/VdX83d6XZOI\/AAAAAAAAAlM\/0jQCwtCujY0\/s1600\/20140914_153817.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-8X7vfGX89PE\/VdX83d6XZOI\/AAAAAAAAAlM\/0jQCwtCujY0\/s640\/20140914_153817.jpg\" width=\"360\" height=\"640\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some scientific studies have been conducted on this plant to know its biological potential. The ethanol extract of the leaves of C. <em data-blogger-escaped-style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">borealis<\/em> is deemed to show significant antifungal properties against <em>Microsporum gypseum<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>and Trichophyton mentagrophytes<sup>2<\/sup> and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus<sup>3<\/sup> and Candida albicans<sup>3<\/sup>. The roots, like the leaves, have also been reported in the literature to possess antifungal properties<sup>2<\/sup>. Further researches focused on the antioxidant potential of the berries of this plant. These studies showed a low antioxidant potential in laboratory tests by &#8220;DPPH antioxydant assay&#8221; showing an\u00a0 IC<sub>50<\/sub> = 162.50 \u00b1 10.76 mg \/ mL<sup>4<\/sup>. For obtaining a high antioxidant activity in this test, it must has a IC<sub>50<\/sub> below 50\u03bcg \/ mL. Other properties of C. <em data-blogger-escaped-style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">borealis<\/em> were also reported in the literature, such as helping to parturition (action to give birth in mammals), for the treatment of injuries and infections<sup>5<\/sup> and identified as an insect repellent<sup>5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A decoction of the clintonia&#8217;s berries (extraction of active compounds in boiling water (same process as a herbal tea)) was, apparently used by the Iroquois to treat diabetes<sup>4<\/sup>. In Quebec popular folklore, these fruits are still considered toxic and are inedible. Actually, no study has been listed on the toxic properties of these fruits. Ingesting these berries is not recommended and at your own risk! On other hand, the young leaves of this plant are considered good for human feeding.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\" href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-Qi0m9QBKLME\/VdX87kkG3bI\/AAAAAAAAAlU\/m3PlnGWWHNc\/s1600\/20140914_153826.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-Qi0m9QBKLME\/VdX87kkG3bI\/AAAAAAAAAlU\/m3PlnGWWHNc\/s320\/20140914_153826.jpg\" width=\"180\" height=\"320\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><span lang=\"EN-CA\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;\">From a chemical point of view, clintonia contains various phytosterols such as campost\u00e9rol, stigmasterol and \u03b2-sitosterol, chalcones<sup>8<\/sup> and triterpenes such as \u03b1-amyrin, \u03b2-amyrin and the taraxasterol<sup>9<\/sup>. In addition, the C. <em data-blogger-escaped-style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">borealis<\/em> was previously considered as a potential source of diosgenins<sup>10<\/sup>. Recently, new steroidal glycosides<sup>11<\/sup> and spirostanol<sup>12<\/sup> were found in two very similar species of Clintonia udensis Trautv. and C. A. Mey.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Like many plants from the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada <em>Clintonia borealis<\/em> is still not very much studied scientifically for its biological potential. There are still many discoveries to be made about it!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(1) Marie-Victorin. <em>Flore Laurentienne<\/em>, 3e ed.; Ga\u00ebtan Morin \u00e9diteur: Montr\u00e9al, 2002.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(2) Fulcher, R. G.; Borchardt, J. R.; Wyse, D. L.; Sheaffer, C. C.; Kauppi, K. L.; Ehlke, N. J.; Biesboer, D. D.; Bey, R. F. Antimicrobial Activity of Native and Naturalized Plants of Minnesota and Wisconsin. <em>J. Med. Plants Res.<\/em> <strong>2008<\/strong>, <em>2<\/em> (5), 98\u2013110.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(3) Jones, N. P.; Arnason, J. T.; Abou-zaid, M.; Akpagana, K.; Sanchez-vindas, P.; Smith, M. L.; Nation, G. R. F.; Marie, S. S.; Canada, P. A. Z. Antifungal Activity of Extracts from Medicinal Plants Used by First Nations Peoples of Eastern Canada. <em>J. Ethnopharmacol.<\/em> <strong>2000<\/strong>, <em>73<\/em>, 191\u2013198.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(4) Atha, D. E.; Ma, J.; Nee, M. H.; Kennelly, E. J. Antioxidant Capacities of Ten Edible North. <em>Phyther. Res.<\/em> <strong>2002<\/strong>, <em>16<\/em> (June 2001), 63\u201365.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(5) University of Michigan &#8211; Dearborn. Native American Ethnobotany.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(6) Barker, M. Newer Cosmetic Ingredients &#8211; New Patch Testing Problems? <em>Am. J. Contact Dermat.<\/em> <strong>1998<\/strong>, <em>9<\/em> (2), 130\u2013135.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(7) Ohnogi, H.; Sugiyama, K.; Muraki, N.; Sagawa, H.; Kato, I. Remedies. EP1563841 A1, 2005.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(8) Ohnogi, H.; Sugiyama, K.; Muraki, N.; Enoki, T.; Sagawa, H.; Kato, I. Chalcone Compound. US7361774 B2, 2008.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(9) Hooper, S. N.; Chandler, F. Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians: Phytosterols and Triterpenes of 67 Plants. <em>J. Ethnopharmacol.<\/em> <strong>1984<\/strong>, <em>10<\/em>, 181\u2013194.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(10) Marker, R. E. Sterols. CXLVI. Sapogenins. LX. Some New Sources of Diosgenin. <em>J. Am. Chem. Soc.<\/em> <strong>1942<\/strong>, <em>64<\/em> (6), 1283\u20131285.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(11) Matsuo, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Mimaki, Y. New Steroidal Glycosides from Rhizomes of Clintonia Udensis. <em>Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.<\/em> <strong>2008<\/strong>, <em>72<\/em> (7), 1714\u20131721.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(12) Mimaki, Y.; Watanabe, K. Clintoniosides A\u2009-\u2009C, New Polyhydroxylated Spirostanol Glycosides from the Rhizomes of Clintonia Udensis. <em>Helv. Chim. Acta<\/em> <strong>2008<\/strong>, <em>91<\/em> (11), 2097\u20132106.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","categories-darticle":[30],"class_list":["post-465","articles-de-blogue","type-articles-de-blogue","status-publish","hentry","categories-darticle-vegetable-capsules"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Introducing plants from the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada - Card # 5 : Clintonia borealis (Ait.) 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